The material theory of induction and the epistemology of thought experiments

John D. Norton is responsible for a number of influential views in contemporary philosophy of science. This paper will discuss two of them. The material theory of induction claims that inductive arguments are ultimately justified by their material features, not their formal features. Thus, while a deductive argument can be valid irrespective of the content of the propositions that make up the argument, an inductive argument about, say, apples, will be justified (or not) depending on facts about apples. The argument view of thought experiments claims that thought experiments are arguments, and that they function epistemically however arguments do. These two views have generated a great deal of discussion, although there hasn't been much written about their combination. I argue that despite some interesting harmonies, there is a serious tension between them. I consider several options for easing this tension, before suggesting a set of changes to the argument view that I take to be consistent with Norton's fundamental philosophical commitments, and which retain what seems intuitively correct about the argument view. These changes require that we move away from a unitary epistemology of thought experiments and towards a more pluralist position.     

Taming theory with thought experiments: Understanding and scientific progress

I claim that one way thought experiments contribute to scientific progress is by increasing scientific understanding. Understanding does not have a currently accepted characterization in the philosophical literature, but I argue that we already have ways to test for it. For instance, current pedagogical practice often requires that students demonstrate being in either or both of the following two states: 1) Having grasped the meaning of some relevant theory, concept, law or model, 2) Being able to apply that theory, concept, law or model fruitfully to new instances. Three thought experiments are presented which have been important historically in helping us pass these tests, and two others that cause us to fail. Then I use this operationalization of understanding to clarify the relationships between scientific thought experiments, the understanding they produce, and the progress they enable. I conclude that while no specific instance of understanding (thus conceived) is necessary for scientific progress, understanding in general is.     

鲁迅与辜鸿铭相异的翻译思想及相似的文化禀性

鲁迅提倡“拿来”的“异化”翻译法，辜鸿铭推崇“送出”的“归化”翻译法。通过对他们两位的翻译思想和文化禀性的阐述，可以发现两位大家翻译思想虽相异，却有着相似的文化禀性：强烈的爱国精神和豁达的学术胸怀。     

亚当·斯密经济伦理思想对突破北部湾经济区道德难题的启示

随着广西北部湾经济区经济发展的全面提速,道德难题逐渐突显出来。18世纪英国思想巨匠亚当·斯密的经济伦理思想主张运用"公正的旁观者"的"同情"与"看不见的手"去实现经济利益与道德情操的统一。这一理论对于解决北部湾经济区的道德难题具有重大的启发意义。     

王稼祥和平外交战略思想探析

王稼祥是党和国家外交活动的奠基者、开拓者和领导者。在长期的、广泛的外交实践的基础上，他发表了大量的谈话和文章，其中蕴涵着丰富的和平对外战略思想，主要包括坚持不同社会制度国家之间的和平共处、支持世界和平运动，反对帝国主义的战争政策和侵略政策、通过和平谈判的方式解决国际争端、有效地制止战争等方面。这些理论对我国当今外交仍具有巨大的现实意义。     

汉英名词性上下义关系的比较研究

上下义关系一度是语义学和二语教学的研究重点。从思维和文化的角度对汉英名词性上下义关系进行分析,为探索语言与思维、语言与文化的内在关系提供了新的视角。用“X＋3”上下义模型分析语料,发现汉英名词性下义词在基本级和变称级上的构词法有差异。差异表明,汉语文化是综合、直觉和意象的,而英语文化是分析、理智和逻辑的。     

论叶适对韩、欧碑志文的继承与新变

叶适作为南宋前期著名的思想家、政治家、文学家,在文学方面的成就向来为人所称道,其碑志文更是散文中的一大特色。叶适碑志文不止继承了韩愈、欧阳修记录人物“随事赋形”“纪大略小”的特点,而且还呈现出一些新变化。叶适对人物事件的拣择详略,受其学术思想的影响很大。这种新变与南宋日趋深化的学术派别分野意识以及永嘉学派本身的思想特性有着莫大关系。而这也似乎暗示着一种南宋文学与学术关系的新形态的形成。     

国外研究中国革命史的历史考察——澳大利亚部分

澳大利亚的中国革命史研究始于本世纪７０年代，目前尚处于起步阶段。在２０多年中发展较快，出版了一些有价值的专著，研究范围基本深入到中国革命史的各个时期，并尤为关注当代中国问题。有关中国革命史的研究较集中在晚清、辛亥革命、中国共产主义运动、民族资产阶级、抗日战争等，特别是在毛泽东思想研究方面取得了为世人所瞩目的成果。     

T轻巧化165F柴油机的设计思想与结构技术特点(英文)

介绍了轻型 1 65F柴油机的主要设计思想、技术参数、结构与技术特点 ,性能指标及其应用范围。     

从对＂阶级＂的强调看蒋介石的治军思想

军队等级制度是蒋介石治军思想的一个重要组成部分。蒋介石以中国传统的纪纲思想作为军队等级制度的支柱，强调严格的等级制度；同时他也能够辨证地看待等级制度，强调军队上下级之间守纪的平等、人格的平等以及等级地位的相对性。国民党军队等级制度的缺陷如军官晋升过快、职衔混乱和军职冗滥等造成了军界的恶劣风气，影响了其战斗力，对此蒋介石也有认识并采取了相应措施，但他没有看到这些具体问题背后的深层症结：国民党及其军队身上保留了太多难以根治的旧式弊病。因此，它被革命的力量所取代也就成了历史的必然。